Additives in Polymers covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components.

Contents

• Introduction
  • Additives
  • Plastics formulations
  • Economic impact of polymer additives
  • Analysis of plastics

• Deformulation Principles
  • Polymer identification
  • Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’
  • Polymer extract analysis
  • In situ polymer/additive analysis
  • Class-specific polymer/additive analysis

• Sample Preparation Perspectives
  • Solvents
  • Extraction strategy
  • Conventional extraction technologies
  • High-pressure solvent extraction methods
  • Sorbent extraction
  • Methodological comparison of extraction methods
  • Polymer/additive dissolution methods
  • Hydrolysis

• Separation Techniques
  • Analytical detectors
  • Gas chromatography
  • Supercritical fluid chromatography
  • Liquid chromatography techniques
  • Capillary electrophoretic techniques

• Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative
  • Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry
  • Infrared spectroscopy
  • Luminescence spectroscopy
  • High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

• Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods
  • Basic instrumentation
  • Ion sources
  • Mass analysers
  • Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis
  • Ion mobility spectrometry

• Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis
  • Precolumn hyphenation
  • Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy/spectrometry
  • Postcolumn hyphenation
  • Multidimensional chromatography
  • Multidimensional spectroscopy

• Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods
  • Element analytical protocols
  • Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis
  • Analytical atomic spectrometry
  • X-ray spectrometry
  • Inorganic mass spectrometry
  • Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods
  • Electroanalytical techniques
  • Solid-state speciation analysis

• Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions
  • Chromatographic methods
  • Spectroscopic techniques
  • Mass-spectrometric methods

• A Vision for the Future
  • Trends in polymer technology
  • Trends in additive technology
  • Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints
  • Analytical consequences

Appendix I: List of Symbols

Appendix II: Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins

Appendix III: Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets

Index