Autophagy in Immunity and Infection offers a unique insight as to how the innate and possibly the adaptive immune system are shaped by cellular mechanisms.

Features:

• Features cellular mechanisms and medical implications, structured according to all major pathogens
• Covers emerging infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis

Contents

Overview of Autophagy

• The Discovery of Autophagy
• Mechanistic Aspects of Autophagy
• Autophagy and Immunity

Cell Biology and Biochemistry of Autophagy

• Autophagic Pathway
• Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy by Amino Acids and Hormones
• Methods to Measure Autophagy

Transgenic Models of Autophagy

• Molecular Mechanism of Mammalian Autophagy
• Autophagy Indicator Mice: Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)–LC3 Transgenic Mice
• Mouse Models Deficient for Autophagy-related Genes

Autophagy in Disease and Aging

• Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Autophagy and Cancer
• Myopathies
• Liver Diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Aging

The Dual Roles for Autophagy in Cell Death and Survival

• Types of Programmed Cell Death
• The Contribution of Autophagy to Programmed Cell Death
• The Combined Activation of Autophagy and Apoptosis during Programmed Cell Death
• Emerging Relationships between Apoptosis and Autophagy
• Autophagy and Cell Survival
• Autophagy and Organism Survival

Autophagy and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• M. tuberculosis Blocks Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Macrophages
• Autophagy and the Host Response to M. tuberculosis
• Regulation of Autophagy by the Immune System
• p47 GTPases and Autophagy

Autophagy Eliminates Group A Streptococcus Invading Host Cells

• Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes)
• Adherence to Host Cells by GAS
• Invasion of Host Cells by GAS
• Survival of Intracellular Bacteria
• Streptolysin O (SLO) Enables GAS to Escape form Phagocytic/Endocytic Degradation
• Autophagy
• Intracellular GAS is Trapped by Autophagosome-like Compartments
• Atg5 is Required for Capture and Killing of GAS
• GcAVs Fuse with Lysosomes for Degradation

Shigella Invasion of Host Cells and Escape from Autophagy

• Shigella Invasion of Epithelia
• Shigella Disseminate among Epithelial Cells
• Shigella Infection Elicits an Inflammatory Response
• Shigella that do not Produce IcsB Undergo Autophagic Degradation
• Shigella VirG is a Target for Autophagy, but is Camouflaged by its IcsB

Listeria monocytogenes: A Model System for Studying Autophagy

• Listeriosis
• Invasion of Mammalian Cells by L. monocytogenes
• Autophagy
• The Ideal Target for Studying the Early Stages of Autophagy
• Why Other Organisms may not be as Useful to Study the Autophagic Process
• Assembly of AVs may Result from Fusion of Cytoplasmic Membrane Structures
• Pathogenic Cytoplasmic Bacteria can avoid the Autophagic Pathway
• Cellular Fate of Metabolically Inhibited L. monocytogenes

Coxiella burnetii Hijacks the Autophagy Pathway to Survive

• Coxiella burnetii
• Bacterium Morphology and Phylogeny
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Phases
• Genome and Genetics
• Host Response and Immunity
• Developmental Cycle of C. burnetii: Small Cell Variant (SCV) and Large Cell Variant (LCV)
• C. burnetii Type IV Secretion System
• Interaction with the Endocytic and Autophagic Pathways
• Contribution of Autophagy to RV Development
• Autophagy and Bacterial Differentiation from SCVs to LCVs
• Unanswered Questions and Future Perspectives

Utilization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes to Establish a Vacuole that Supports Replication of Legionella pneumophila

• Evidence that Legionella Utilizes the Autophagy Machinery for Biogenesis of a Replicative Organelle
• Evidence that the Host Autophagy Machinery is not Essential for Transport or Growth of Legionella
• Creation of an ER-derived Vacuole that Supports Legionella Replication by Subversion of the Host Secretory Pathway

Endogenous Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Processing of Viral Antigens

• Classical Pathways of Antigen Processing for MHC Presentation
• Endogenous MHC Class II Antigen Processing of Viral Antigens
• Autophagic Delivery of Antigens for Lysosomal Degradation and MHC Class II Presentation
• Similarities Between Sources of MHC Class II Ligands and Autophagy Substrates
• Overlap Between the Vesicular Transport Pathways of Autophagosomes and MHC Class II Loading Compartments
• Possible Functions of MHC Class II Presentation after Autophagy in the Immune Control of Viral Infections

Autophagy in Antiviral Host Defense

• Role of Antiviral Signaling Pathways in Autophagy Regulation
• Role of Mammalian Autophagy Genes in Antiviral Host Defense
• Role of Plant Autophagy Genes in Antiviral Host Defense
• Evasion of Autophagy by Viruses
• How Might Viral Evasion of Autophagy Contribute to Viral Pathogenesis
• Autophagy and Antigen Presentation

Index

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