Biofuels gives a broad overview of the key topics in this field of study, approaching them from a technical and economic angle giving the reader a comprehensive insight into biofuels as a whole.
Dealing specifically with liquid and gaseous biofuels that can be produced from renewable resources this text also gives a summary of the past, present and future production technologies and applications of biofuels.
Contents
Chapter 1: Biofuels in Perspective
- Fossil versus renewable energy resources
- Economic impact
- Comparison of bio-energy sources
Chapter 2: Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock for Biorefineries in the U.S.A.
- Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks
- Feedstock Options
- Sustainable Removal
- Erosion Control
- Tilling Practice
- Transitioning to No-till
- Realizing Removal
- Removal Economics
- Climate Change Mitigation
- Pretreatment
- Farmer in Value Chain
- The Start—Preprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin
- Continuing downstream—Fungible Fermentation Sugars
- Looking Upstream
- Logistics
Chapter 3:Bio-ethanol Development in the U.S.A.
- Federal Policy
- The U.S. Ethanol Market
- Corn Ethanol Technology
- Cellulosic Ethanol
- The Future
Chapter 4: Bio-ethanol development(s) in Brazil
- The Brazilian experience with ethanol
- Policy and regulatory instruments applied to deploy large-scale ethanol production
- Cost reductions
- Technological development
- Is the ethanol production in Brazil sustainable?
- Is Brazilian experience replicable?
Chapter 5: Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production
- Biodiesel Production Worldwide
- Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production
- Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production [5]
- Catalysts for transesterification and esterification reactions
- Alkaline catalysis
- Acid catalysis
- Heterogeneous catalysis
- Enzymes as Catalysts
- Transesterification in supercritical alcohols
- Alternative approaches
- Overview of Process Technologies
- Single Feedstock Technologies
- Multi Feedstock Technologies
- Small scale production units
- Alternative process technologies
Chapter 6: Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies
Chapter 7: Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application
- Plant Oil Biofuels – the underlying Idea
- History of the Plant Oil Fuel Market
- Positioning of Plant Oils within the Biofuel Markets
- Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market
- The Market
- Market Drivers
- System Requirements
- Plant Oil Conversion Technology
- One Tank System
- Two Tank System
- The User Perspective
- Engine Suitability for Plant Oil Conversion
- Choice of Conversion Technology and Approach
- Operations and Maintenance
Chapter 8: Enzymatic production of biodiesel
- Enzymatic transesterification by lipase
- Use of extracellular lipases
- Transesterification with various types of alcohol
- Effective methanolysis using extracellular lipase
- Phenomenon of acyl migration in presence of lipase
- Use of intracellular lipase as whole-cell biocatalyst
- Immobilization by BSP-technology
- Methanolysis in a packed-bed reactor using cells immobilized within BSPs
- Effect of fatty acid cell membrane composition
- Lipase localization in cells immobilized within BSPs
- Use of cell-surface displaying cells as whole-cell biocatalyst
- Novel cell-surface display system
- Flocculation profile of yeast cells displaying FSProROL and FLProROL fusion proteins
- Methanolysis reaction using yeast cells displaying ProROL
Chapter 9: Production of Biodiesel from waste lipids
- Alternative resources for biodiesel production
- Conversion of waste frying and cooking oils into biodiesel
- Processing of crude and waste lipids into biodiesel
Chapter 10: Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide
- Biogas production potential
- Germany
- Brazil
- Biogas production configurations
- Configurations for wastewater digestion
- Different process configurations for wet digestion fermenters
- Different process configurations for dry digestion fermenters
- Biogas utilization
- Outlook
Chapter 11: Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic microorganisms
- Hydrogen formation in natural ecosystems
- Thermodynamics of hydrogen formation
- Enzymology
- Enterobacteria
- The genus Clostridium
- The genus Caldicellulosiruptor
- The genus Thermoanaerobacter
- The genus Thermotoga
- The genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus
- Approaches for improving hydrogen production
Chapter 12: Improving Sustainability of the Corn-Ethanol Industry
- Energy Balance
- Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- CO2 Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry
Index
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