Biscuit, Cookie and Cracker Manufacturing Manuals
1: Ingredients
by Duncan Manley

Manual 1: Ingredients reviews the background to the biscuit industry and, in particular, the essential health and safety issues involved. It then covers the major ingredient categories by type, function, handling, and storage.

Contents

Introduction

• Vocational qualifications

Background to the biscuit industry

• What are biscuits?
• How are biscuits made?
• How a factory is arranged
• What your company required from the factory
• Ingredient storage areas
• Your contribution when working with ingredients

Hygiene and safety aspects

• Safety of food products
• Sources of contamination
• Safety of people

Wheat flour and other cereals

• Wheat flour
• Oats
• Rye flour
• Starches
• Soya flour

Sugars and syrups

• Types of crystalling sugars
• Relative sweetness
• Types of syrup
• Uses and functions of sugar and syrups
• Importance of sucrose particle size
• Delivery and quality testing of sugars and syrups
• Storage and handling of sugars and syrups
• Other sweeteners

Fats, oils and butter

• Fats and oils
• Butter and butter oil
• Margarine
• Rancidity
• Bulk handling of fats
• Plasticized and boxed fat
• Sandwich cream fats
• Spray oil fats
• Use of emulsifiers and antioxidants

Dairy products

• Milk
• Full cream milk powder, FCMP
• Skimmed milk powder, SMP
• Evaporated milks
• Whey powder
• Cheese and cheese powder
• Butter and butter oil
• Use of milk products in biscuits
• Eggs

Dried fruit and nuts

• Dried grapes
• Other dried fruits used in biscuits
• Nuts

Yeast

Enzymes

• Safety aspect of handling proteinase enzymes

Flavors and spices

• Sources and types of flavor
• Spices and herbs
• Essential oils
• Oleo resins
• Syntbetic flavors-GRAS
• Other flavoring substances
• Form of the flavoring material
• Flavoring of biscuits
• Flavors applied after baking
• Flavors in creams and jams
• Flavor enhancers
• Storage and critical quality points

Chemicals

• Salt, sodium chloride
• Bakin soda, sodium bicarbonate, 'soda'
• Acid salts used as baking powders
• Acid salts
• Ammonium bicarbonate, 'Vol'
• Fruit acids
• Sodium metabisulphite, 'Natron'
• Emulsifiers

Chocolate and cocoa

• Types of chocolate
• Supply and storage of chocolate
• Chocolate drops, chips and chunks
• Chocolate flavored coatings
• Cocoa

Index

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