Determining Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Food and Feed addresses current and emerging rapid and reliable methods for the determination of both mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food and feed.
Features:
- focuses on the essentials of mycotoxin determination, covering sampling, sample preparation, clean-up and key determination techniques
- documents quality assurance and official methods and performance criteria for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
- explores the processes of determining mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed including the identification of genes and gene clusters
- studies some of the emerging methods for mycotoxin analysis, ranging from bio-sensing to spectroscopic techniques
Part 1 focuses on the essentials of mycotoxin determination, covering sampling, sample preparation and clean-up and key determination techniques, such as chromatographic separation, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and immunochemical methods.
Part 2 describes quality assurance, official methods and performance criteria for determining mycotoxins in food and feed. Topics covered include laboratory accreditation, method validation and measurement uncertainty.
Part 3 discusses the development and analysis of biomarkers for mycotoxins. Individual chapters focus on detecting exposure in humans and animals.
Part 4 is concerned with the processes involved in determining mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feed. It also describes the identification of genes and gene clusters involved in mycotoxin synthesis, as well as DNA barcoding of toxigenic fungi.
Part 5 explores some of the emerging methods for mycotoxin analysis, ranging from bio-sensing to spectroscopic techniques.
CONTENTS
Part 1: Determining Mycotoxins in Food and Feed
Sampling strategies to control mycotoxins
- Food safety and the requirements for international food trade
- Principles of food and feed sampling for mycotoxin analysis
- International guidance on sampling food and feed for mycotoxin analysis
- Uncertainty estimation, and designing sound sampling plans for mycotoxin analysis in food and feed
- Quality assurance and quality control procedures in sampling, arrival of the sample at the analytical laboratory
- Training of sampling inspectors and strengthening national food control systems
Sample preparation and clean up for mycotoxin analysis: principles, applications and recent developments
- Methods used for extraction and clean-up of mycotoxins from complex matrices
- Recent developments
Chromatographic separation techniques for determination of mycotoxins in food and feed
- Thin layer chromatography in mycotoxin analysis of food and feeds
- Gas chromatography in mycotoxin analysis of food and feeds
- High-performance liquid chromatography in mycotoxin analysis of food and feeds
- Electrophoretic separations in mycotoxin analysis of food and feeds
Mass spectrometry in multi-mycotoxin and fungal spore analysis
- Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods in multi-mycotoxin analysis
- Liquid chromatography aspects of multi-mycotoxin methods
- Mass spectrometry aspects of multi-mycotoxin methods
- LC-MS methods in multi-mycotoxin analysis
- Future trends in LC-MS analysis
Immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection in food and feed
- Antibody production and characterization
- Specificity of immunochemical methods for rapid mycotoxin detection in food and feed
- Microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid mycotoxin detection in food and feed
- Non-instrumental rapid tests for mycotoxin detection in food and feed
Part 2: Quality Assurance and Official Methods for Determining Mycotoxins in Food and Feed
Official methods and performance criteria for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
- Official Control Laboratories for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
- Establishment of method performance criteria for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
- Official methods for determining mycotoxins in food and feed
- Literature publication of mycotoxin validation studies
- Enforcement of mycotocin regulations
- Confirmation of results
Ensuring the quality of results from food control laboratories: laboratory accreditation, method validation and measurement uncertainty
- Why accreditation can be important for laboratories
- Laboratory accreditation and ISO 17025
- Statistical method validation approach for ensuring the quality of results from food control laboratories
- Comparison of a routine method with a reference method for validating the results from food and feed control laboratories
- Measurement uncertainty in the results from food and feed control laboratories
Part 3: Development and Analysis of Biomarkers for Mycotoxins
Developing biomarkers of human exposure to mycotoxins
- Introduction and biomarkers for exposure
- Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxin
- Biomarkers of exposure for fumonisin
- Biomarkers of exposure for deoxynivalenol
Developing mechanism-based and exposure biomarkers for mycotoxins in animals
- Background
- Mechanism of action and current state of biomarker development for selected mycotoxins
- Aflatoxin B1 biomarkers of exposure and effect in animals
- Deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes biomarkers of exposure and effect in animals
- Fumonisins biomarkers of exposure and effect in animals
- Ochratoxin A biomarkers of exposure and effect in animals
- Zearalenone biomarkers of exposure and effect in animals
Part 4: Determining Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Food and Feed
Rationale for a polyphasic approach in the identification of mycotoxigenic fungi
- Mycotoxinogenic fungi
- Identification methods
- Molecular methods for identification
Molecular identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in food and feedstuffs
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and quantification using conserved genes
- PCR detection and quantification using anonymous DNA sequences
- PCR detection and quantification using mycotoxin biosynthesis pathway genes
- Multistep strategies
- Multiplex detection
- PCR-based methods
- Novel technologies
Identification of genes and gene clusters involved in mycotoxin synthesis
- Genetic basis for secondary metabolite biosynthesis
- Gene and gene cluster identification: pre-genomics
- Gene and gene cluster identification: early-genomics
- Gene and gene cluster identification: post-genome genomics
DNA barcoding of mycotoxigenic fungi: a perspective
- DNA barcode: a new opportunity to discriminate fungi species
- Future trends in DNA barcoding of fungi
- Sources of further information and advice about DNA barcode
Part 5: Emerging Methods for Mycotoxin Analysis in Food and Feed
Emerging bio-sensing methods for mycotoxin analysis
- Lab-on-a-chip for multiplex detection of mycotoxins
- Nanomaterials and their use in biosensors for mycotoxin analysis
- Electronic nose method for mycotoxin analysis
Masked mycotoxins in food and feed: challenges and analytical approaches
- Occurrence of masked mycotoxins in food and feed
- Analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed
Spectroscopic techniques for fungi and mycotoxin detection
- Spectroscopic techniques
- Applications
Index
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