Contents:

1. Structural Types of Relevant b-Amino Acid Targets
   • ß²-Alkyl-ß-Amino Acids
   • ß³-Alkyl-ß-Amino Acids
   • ß^2,2-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acids
   • ß^2,3-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acids
   • ß^3,3-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acids
   • ß^2,3,3-Trisubstituted ß-Amino Acids
   • ß^2,2,3,3-Tetrasubstituted ß-Amino Acids
   • ß²-Aryl-ß-Amino Acids
   • ß³-Aryl-ß-Amino Acids
   • Olefinic and Alkynyl-ß-Amino Acids
   • α,ß-Diamino Acids
   • α-Hydroxy-ß-Amino Acids
   • ß-Amino-?-Hydroxy Acids
   • Carbocyclic ß-Amino Acids
   • Heterocyclic ß-Amino Acids

2. ß-Amino Acids in Natural Products
   • Natural Products Containing ß-Amino Acids Related to Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids
   • Natural Products Containing Unusual Aliphatic ß-Amino Acids
   • Natural Products Containing Aliphatic Hydroxy-ß-Amino Acids
   • Natural Products Containing Aliphatic ß-Amino Acids with Oxo Groups
   • Natural Products Containing Amino-ß-Amino Acids (Except ß-Lysine)
   • Alicyclic and Heterocyclic ß-Amino Acids
   • Natural Products Containing Unusual Aromatic ß-Amino Acid

3. Preparation of Enantiopure ß-Amino Acids by Homologation of a-Amino Acids
   • Arndt–Eistert Homologation
   • Homologation of Amino Acids with Concomitant ß-Lactam Formation
   • Homologation of Amino Acids Using Cyano Hydrins

4. Asymmetric Catalysis in Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids
   • Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition for Preparation of ß-Aliphatic-ß-Amino Acids
   • Asymmetric Mannich Reactions Catalyzed by Thiourea Derivatives for Enantioselective Preparation of ß-Aryl-ß-Amino Acids

5. Enantioselective Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained ß-Amino Acids
   • Cycloalkane ß-Amino Acids
   • Alkyl-Substituted ß-Amino Acids
   • Other Methodologies

6. Catalytic Enantioselective Mannich Reactions
   • Catalytic Enantioselective Mannich Reactions Using Chiral Lewis Acid Catalysts
   • Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions via Metal Enolates
   • Catalytic Asymmetric Reaction Using an Organocatalyst

7. Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids via Stereoselective Hydrogenation of ß-Aminoacrylic Acid Derivatives
   • Recent Developments: Rhodium Complexes with Chiral Phosphorus Bidentate Ligands
   • Recent Developments: Rhodium Complexes with Chiral Phosphorus Monodentate Ligands
   • Recent Developments: Ruthenium Complexes with Chiral Phosphorus Bidentate Ligands

8. Asymmetric Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids by Enolate Additions to tert-Butanesulfinyl Imines
   • Synthesis of N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imines
   • Synthesis of N-Sulfinyl-Protected ß-Amino Acids
   • N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Protecting Group
   • Synthetic Utility

9. Organocatalytic Approaches to Enantioenriched ß-Amino Acids
   • Mannich-Type Reactions Using Aldehydes and α-Ethyl Glyoxylate
   • Mannich-Type Reactions Using Aldehydes and Preformed Aldimines
   • Three-Component Mannich Reactions Using Aldehyde Donors
   • Proposed Mechanism for L-Proline-Catalyzed Mannich Reactions
   • Transformation of Product of L-Proline-Catalyzed Mannich Reaction into ß-Amino Acid and ß-Lactams
   • One-Pot Transformations via L-Proline-Catalyzed Mannich Reactions Using Aldehydes as Nucleophiles
   • Mannich Reactions Using α,α-Disubstituted Aldehydes or α-Imidoaldehyde for Preparation of Highly Functionalized ß-Amino Acid Derivatives
   • Other Organocatalytic Reactions for Preparation of Enantioenriched ß-Amino Acids

10. Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic &Beat;-Amino Acids via Cycloaddition Reactions
    • General Strategies in Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic ß-Amino Acids
    • Cyclic ß-Amino Acids via Cycloaddition Reactions
    • Synthesis of cis- and trans-2-Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Derivatives via [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reactions
    • Synthesis of ß-Proline Derivatives via [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reactions
    • Synthesis of Constrained Six-Membered Ring α,α-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acid Derivatives via [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition Reactions

11. Enantioselective Synthesis of Novel ß-Amino Acids
    • Acyclic Amino Acids
    • Cyclic and Conformationally Constrained ß-Amino Acids

12. Asymmetric Synthesis of Phosphonic Analogs of ß-Amino Acids
    • Enantioselective C–C Bond-Forming Reactions
    • Enantioselective C–N Bond-Forming Reactions
    • Enantioselective C–H Bond-Forming Reactions

13. Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Substituted-ß-Amino Phosphonates and Phosphinates and ß-Amino Sulfur Analogs
    • Synthesis of α-Alkyl-ß-Amino Phosphorus Derivatives
    • Synthesis of ß-Amino-α-Hydroxy Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Derivatives
    • Synthesis of ß-Amino-α-Halogenated Phosphonates
    • Synthesis of α, ß-Diamino Phosphonates and Phosphinates
    • ß-Amino-α-Substituted Phosphorus Derivatives with Peptide Bond Formation: ß-Amino-α-Substituted Phosphonoand Phosphinopeptides
    • ß-Amino Sulfur Analogs

14. Stereoselective Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing ß-Amino Acids
    • Acyclic Fluorinated α, ß-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acids
    • Cyclic Fluorinated α, ß-Disubstituted ß-Amino Acids
    • α-Fluoroalkyl ß-Amino Acids
    • ß-Fluoroalkyl ß-Amino Acids
    • ß-Substituted α, α-Difluoro-ß-Amino Acids

15. Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids via Conjugate Addition to α, ß-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
    • Diastereoselective Additions to Chiral Michael Acceptors
    • Additions of Chiral Ammonia Equivalents to Michael Acceptors
    • Methods Based on Asymmetric Catalysis

16. Preparation of Enantiopure ß-Amino Acids via Enantioselective Conjugate Addition
    • Conjugate Addition of Alkyl or Aromatic Amines
    • Addition of Hydroxylamine to Enoates
    • Conjugate Addition of Azide
    • Conjugate Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles

17. Biocatalytic Entry to Enantiomerically Pure ß-Amino Acids
    • Biocatalytic Entry to Enantiomerically Pure ß-Amino Acids

18. Stereoselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids via Radical Reactions
    • Synthesis of Acyclic ß-Amino Acids
    • Synthesis of Cyclic ß-Amino Acids
    • Synthesis of ß-Lactams

19. Recent Advances in Synthesis of a-Hydroxy-ß-amino Acids and Their Use in SAR Studies of Taxane Anticancer Agents
    • Synthesis of Enantiopure α-Hydroxy-ß-amino Acid Components of Taxane Anticancer Agents by ß-Lactam Synthon Method
    • New C-13 α-Hydroxy-ß-amino Acid Residues and Their Significance in Second-Generation Taxoids
    • Taxoids with Photoaffinity-Labeled α-Hydroxy-ß-amino Acid Residues
    • Taxoids with Fluorine- and Isotope-Labeled α-Hydroxy-ß-amino Acid Residues for NMR Studies

20. Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids and Their Derivatives from b-Lactams: Update
    • ß-Lactam Ring Opening by Oxygen Nucleophiles: ß-Amino Esters and Related Products
    • ß-Lactam Ring Opening by Nitrogen Nucleophiles: ß-Amino Amides and b-Amino Acid–Derived Peptides
    • ß-Lactam Ring Opening by Carbon Nucleophiles: ß-Amino Ketones and Related Products
    • Large-Ring Heterocycles from ß-Lactams

21. Multiple-Component Condensation Methods for Preparation of Combinatorial Libraries of ß-Amino Carbonyl Derivatives
    • Mannich Reaction
    • Other Multiple-Component Reactions
    • Solid-Phase MCC Methods

22. Using Constrained b-Amino Acid Residues to Control ß-Peptide Shape and Function
    • Introduction: ß-Peptides in the Foldamer Context
    • Monomer Synthesis
    • ß-Peptide Synthesis
    • Conformational Data
    • Biological Applications
    • New Frontiers for ß-Peptide Structure

23. ß2-Amino Acids with Proteinogenic Side Chains and Corresponding Peptides: Synthesis, Secondary Structure, and Biological Activity
    • Synthesis of ß²-Amino Acids
    • Solution and Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides Containing ß²-Amino Acids
    • Secondary Structures of Peptides Containing ß²-Amino Acids
    • Biologically Active Peptides Containing Proteinogenic ß²-Amino Acids