Estimating the Flammable Mass of a Vapor Cloud shows designers and operators of chemical facilities how to realistically estimate the flammable mass in a cloud of accidentally released material that is capable of igniting.

Estimating the Flammable Mass of a Vapor Cloud provides information on industry experience with flammable vapor clouds, basic concepts of fires and explosions, and an overview of related computer programs.

Contents:

1. Introduction
   • Why Calculate Flammable Mass
   • How Are Flammable Mass Estimates Used
   • Other CCPS Publications

2. Overview
   • Context
   • Objectives
   • How to Use Thus Book

3. Industry Experiences with Flammable Vapor Clouds
   • Property Losses from Vapor Cloud Accidents
   • Examples of Vapor Clouds Events
   • Examples with Postaccident Determination of Flammable Mass

4. Basic Concept--Fluid Flow, Fires, and Explosions
   • Discharge Characteristics
   • Dispersion Factors
   • Sources of Ignition
   • Flame Characteristics
   • Aerosol Flammability
   • Turbulence Effects
   • Flash Fires
   • Explosions
   • Minimum Flammable Mass for Vapor Cloud Explosions
   • Probability of Vapor Cloud Ignition and Explosion

5. Determination of Flammable Mass
   • Estimation Methods by Degree of Confinement
   • Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Unconfined Vapor Clouds
   • Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Partially Confined Vapor Clouds
   • Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Confined Vapor Clouds

6. Overview of Related Computer Programs

7. Worked Examples
   • Example 10, Unconfined Vapor Cloud--Vapor and Liquid Propane Releases
   • Example 11, Unconfined Vapor Cloud--Effect of Wind Speed
   • Example 12, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion--Vinyl Chloride Monomer Release
   • Example 13, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion--Total Petroleum LaMede Refinery Explosion, November 1992
   • Example 14, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud--Multiple Congested Areas
   • Example 15, Confined Vapor Clouds

8. Recommendations for Future Work
   • Calculating Flammable Mass Profiles Along a Vapor Cloud
   • Resolving the Minimum Explosive Mass Issue
   • Contribution of Aerosols to Explosive Mass
   • Dispersion Modeling Around Plant Structure
   • Improved Modeling of Jets Impacting Surfaces
   • Models That Account for Turbulence Spectra
   • Reconciling Indoor and Outdoor Explosion Models
   • Calculate Net Efficiencies for TNT Equivalent Models from Historical Events

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