Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis: Clinical Treatment and Technology provides a single source reference for the latest technologies and their clinical applications. It focuses on the relevant scientific advances with an emphasis on applications, limitations, and problems to be solved. Features:

• Contains full explanations of the latest adult and pediatric applications as well as motion analysis models
• Identifies clinical opportunities to improve selection of surgical subjects and rehabilitation cases
• Presents new technologies including imaging, kinetics, robotics, and simulation as appropriate for application to the dynamic assessment of foot and ankle motion
• Includes an introduction, methods, results, discussions, and conclusions for each new technique discussed
• Includes extensive references in each chapter and sources of available support for future research and development

Contents

Part 1: Clinical Applications and Opportunities

Section A: Pediatric Foot and Ankle

Clinical Applications of Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis in Children

• Gait Analysis
• Foot Motion
• Biomechanical Models
• Normal Foot and Ankle Motion
• Clinical Challenges
• Cerebral Palsy
• Equinus Foot Deformities
• Planovalgus Foot Deformities
• Varus Foot Deformities
• Congenital Clubfoot
• Other Neuromuscular Foot Deformities
• Severe Flatfoot
• Tarsal Coalition

Functional Gait Analysis in Children Following Clubfoot Releases

• Congenital Clubfoot Pathoanatomy
• Etiology
• Clinical Assessment
• Radiographic Examination
• Treatment Options
• Gait Analysis for Assessment of Outcome Following Clubfoot Correction
• Results of Lower Body Gait Analysis

Dynamic Plantar Pressure Characteristics and Clinical Applications in Patients with Residual Clubfoot

Three Dimensional MRI Modeling of Normal and Surgically Treated Clubfeet

Dynamic Foot Pressure in the Early Evolution of Foot Deformities in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Plantar Pressure Based Quantitative Assessment of Subtalar Arthrodesis in the Rehabilitation of the Planovalgus Foot Deformity

• Plantar Pressures: A Clinical Background
• Cerebral Palsy and the Planovalgus Foot
• Materials and Methods

Chemodenervation and Motion Assessment

• Botulinum Toxin Type A
• Mouse Models of Spasticity
• Children with Cerebral Palsy
• Assessment of the Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Type A
• Musculoskeletal Modeling
• Case Studies

Equinovarus Foot: EMG Analysis and Clinical Outcome

• Normal Anatomy/Kinesiology of Foot and Ankle
• Equinovarus Foot Pathomechanics
• Clinical Implications of Equinovarus Foot
• EMG Assessment of Equinovarus Foot Study
• Study Population
• Methods
• Results
• Comparisons with Current Literature and Indications for Surgery
• Discussion

Lower Extremity Characterization of Walker Assisted Gait in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy

Response to Balance Perturbation : A Strategy for Pediatric Assessment

Section B: Adult Foot and Ankle

Gait Analysis in Posterior Tendon Dysfunction: Pre and Postoperative Analysis Compared to a Normal Population

• Posterior Tibial Tendon Anatomy and Biomechanics
• Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction Classification
• Treatment Options for PTTD
• Current Investigation of PTTD Gait

Hallux Valgus: A Pre and Postoperative Analysis of Gait

• Anatomy
• Pathoanatomy
• Clinical Presentation
• Treatment
• Previous Studies
• Tibia
• Hindfoot
• Forefoot
• Hallux
• Case Examples

Hallux Rigidus: A Pre and Postoperative Analysis of Gait

• Anatomy and Pathology
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation and Evaluation
• Treatment
• Previous Motion Analysis Studies
• Case Examples

Pre-Operative and Post-Operative Gait Analysis of the Rheumatoid Forefoot

• Background and Significance
• Treatment
• Critical Studies
• Test Methods
• Results
• Discussion

Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis of Patients with Ankle Arthritis

• Ankle Anatomy and Biomechanics
• Ankle Arthritis
• Clinical Assessment
• Treatment
• Conclusion

Gait Analysis After Total Ankle Arthroplasty

• Materials and Methods
• Surgical Procedure
• Gait Analysis
• Gait Analysis Results
• Discussion

Dynamic Poly-EMG in Gait Analysis for the Assessment of Equinovarus Foot

• The Challenge of the Diabetic Foot, M.S. Pinzur
• The Problem and the Challenge
• The Normal Adult Foot
• Pathophysiology of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
• Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
• The Challenge of the Diabetic Foot

The Biomechanics of the Diabetic Foot

• Etiology of Diabetic Neuropathic Ulceration
• The Effect of Diabetes on Soft Tissue Characteristics
• The Effect of Diabetes on the Kinematics and Kinetics of Gait
• The Effect of Diabetes on Foot Deformities
• The Relationship between Foot Structure and Plantar Pressure
• The Relationship between Foot Structure and Ulceration
• The Relationship between Plantar Pressure and Ulceration
• The Relationship between Shear Stress and Ulceration

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of the Fifth Metatarsal Jones Fracture

Part 2: Technical Developments and Emerging Opportunities

Section C: Foot and Ankle Modeling

A System for the Analysis of Foot and Ankle Kinematics During Gait

Validation of a Multi-Segment Foot and Ankle Kinematic Model for Pediatric Gait

Measurement of Foot Kinematics and Plantar Pressure in Children Using the Oxford Foot Model

The Design, Development, and Initial Evaluation of a Multi-Segment Foot Model for Routine Clinical Gait Analysis

• Foot Model / Analysis - Clinical Requirements
• Currently Available Multi-Segment Foot Models
• Shriners Hospitals for Children Greenville Foot Model

Reliability of a Clinically Practical Multi-Segment Foot Marker Set/Model

A Multi-Segment, 3D Kinematic Model of the Foot and Ankle

A Spatial Linkage Model of the Ankle Complex

Multi-Segment Foot Biomechanics in Dynamic Hindfoot Varus

Section D: Technical Advances in Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis

The Accuracy and Utility of Virtual Markers

• Accuracy
• Virtual Shapes
• Discussion

Determination of Subject-Specific Ankle Joint Axes from Measured Foot Motion

• Optimization-Based Location of Two Axes
• "Subtalar Isolation" Method for Subtalar Joint Location
• Discussion
• Conclusion

Dynamic Radiographic Measurement of 3D Skeletal Motion

• State of the Art
• Application to the Ankle Joint System
• he Future of Dynamic Radiographic Measurements

Exploring the Frontiers of in vivo Multi-Body Ankle Dynamics Using Fast-PC MRI

Kinetic Measures of the Foot: Overcoming Current Obstacles

Tri-Axial Plantar Force Sensor: Design, Calibration, Characterization, and Subject Testing

Quasi-Stiffness of the Ankle During Able-Bodied Walking at Different Speeds: Implications for Design of Prostheses

Development of an Advanced Biofidelic Lower Extremity Prosthesis

• Establishing Design Parameters
• Tension Band Design

Robotic Technology in Gait Simulation and Foot Mechanics

• Methodology
• Dynamic Cadaver Modeling
• Robotic Technology

Section E: Research Support

Support for Rehabilitation Research on Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis

• The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• Discussion

Index

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