by Gholam A. Kazemi
Groundwater Age incorporates and synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge about the business of groundwater dating.
Features:
- Includes historical development, principles, applications, various methods, and likely future progress in the concept
- Is a well-organized, advanced, clearly written resource for all the professionals, scientists, graduate students, consultants, and water sector managers
Contents
Introduction
- Age and lifetime
- Age determination in geology (Geochronology) and in other disciplines
- Absolute age and relative age
- Determination of absolute age of rocks
- Geological time table
- Groundwater age and groundwater residence time
- Young, old and very old groundwaters
- Dead water and active water
- Age gradient
- Age mass
- Mixing, dispersion and transport of groundwater age, mean age and distribution of ages
- Average residence time of water in various compartments of the hydrologic cycle
- Hydrogeochronolgy, interdisciplinary groundwater age science and hydrologic time concept
- Event markers.
- Life expectancy
- Isochrone and life expectancy maps
- Some groundwater age related terms
- Isotopic age, radiometric age and decay age
- Hydraulic age
- Piston-flow age, streamtube age and advective age
- Model age and apparent age
- Storage time, mean transit time, turn over time, flushing time and travel time
- Reservoir theory and its relation with groundwater residence time
History of groundwater age dating research
- Pioneer of Groundwater Age discipline-sequence of the earliest publications
- Laboratories worldwide for dating groundwater samples
- Major contributors to Groundwater Age dating discipline
- Names familiar in the Groundwater Dating business
- Important publications
- PhD and MSc theses
- Aquifers subjected to extensive dating studies
The applications of groundwater age data
- Renewability of the groundwater reservoirs
- An effective communication tool for scientists and managers- and curiosity to laymen as well
- Age monitoring for the prevention of over exploitation and contamination of aquifers
- Estimation of the recharge rate
- Calculation of the groundwater flow velocity
- Identification of the groundwater flow paths
- Assessing the rates of groundwater and contaminants transport through aquitards
- Constraining the parameters of groundwater flow and transports models (estimation of large scale flow and transport properties)
- Identification of the mixing between different end members
- Study of the pre-Holocene (late Pleistocene) climate
- Evaluation of the groundwater pollution
- Calculation of the travel time of the groundwater plume to the points of interest
- Mapping vulnerability of the shallow aquifers
- Performance assessments for radioactive waste disposal facilities
- Site specific applications
- Identification of the seawater level fluctuations
- Calculating the timescale of seawater intrusion
- Disposal of wastes into the deep old saline groundwater systems
- Management of the dryland salinity in Australia
- Hydrograph separation
Age-dating young groundwaters
- Important points
- Tritium
- Production of tritium
- Sampling, analyzing and reporting the results
- Age dating groundwater by tritium.
- Sources of 3He
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Dating groundwater by 3H/3He
- Helium-4
- Krypton-85
- Production of 85Kr
- Sampling and analyzing groundwater for 85Kr
- Age dating groundwater with 85Kr
- CFCs
- Sampling and analyzing groundwater for CFCs
- Dating groundwater by CFCs
- Limitations and possible sources of error in CFCs dating technique
- SF6
- Sampling and analyzing groundwater for SF6
- Age dating groundwater with SF6
- 36Cl/Cl
- Dating groundwater by 36Cl/Cl ratio and case studies
- Indirect methods
- Stable isotopes of water
Age-dating old groundwaters
- Silicon-32
- Production of 32Si
- Sampling and analyzing groundwater for 32Si
- Dating groundwater with 32Si
- Argon-39
- Production and sources of 39Ar
- Sampling and analyzing groundwaters for 39Ar
- Age dating groundwater by 39Ar
- Carbon-14
- Production of 14C
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Groundwater dating by 14C
- Indirect methods
- Deuterium and oxygen-18
- Conservative and reactive ions
Age-dating very old groundwaters
- Krypton-81
- Production of 81Kr
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Age-dating groundwater by 81Kr
- Chloride-36
- Production of 36Cl
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Groundwater dating by 36Cl
- Helium-4
- Production and sources of 4He
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Age-dating groundwater by 4He
- Argon-40
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Age-dating groundwater by 40Ar and obstacles
- Iodine-129
- Production of 129I
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Age-dating groundwater by 129I
- Uranium disequilibrium series
- Sampling, analysis and reporting the results
- Dating groundwater by UDS
Modeling of groundwater age and residence time distributions
- Basics in groundwater age transport
- The reservoir theory
- Determination of age and residence time distributions
- Aquifer with uniform and localized recharge
- Hydro-dispersive multilayer aquifer
- The Seeland phreatic aquifer
Issues and thoughts in groundwater dating
- The need for more dating methods and the currently proposed potential method
- Translating simulation of groundwater ages techniques into practice- More applications for age data
- Worldwide practices of groundwater age-dating
- Proposal for a groundwater age map - Worldwide groundwater age maps
- Works which can and need to be done to enhance groundwater age science
- Major problems facing groundwater dating discipline
- Some thoughtful questions - Concluding remarks and Future of groundwater dating
Index
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