Firmly established as the leading international reference in this field, Handbook of Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin covers methods used in both clinical and experimental dermatology.

Features:

• Presents topics in a highly structured format to ensure easy and consistent access to information
• Covers current imaging methods and computer techniques
• Provides a comprehensive overview of the entire field of research
• Includes 721 illustrations, 129 tables, and 107 equations
• Contains systematic reviews by the foremost experts in the field

Handbook of Non-Invasive Methods and the Skin, Second Edition incorporates 69 revised chapters with more than 90 new chapters covering topics such as:

• Computers, computer technique and image analysis
• Imaging techniques including clinical photography
• Legal situation and guidelines behind instrumental use
• Skin friction
• Barrier functions
• Important new techniques such as in vitro confocal microscopy, OCT, Raman spectroscopy, etc
• Veterinary/animal research use of methods

Contents

Section I: General Introduction

1. Personal Perspectives on Bioengineering and the Skin: The Successful Past and the Brilliant Future
2. How to Choose and Use Non-Invasive Methods
3. A Practical Guide to Resources on the Internet for the Skin Researcher
4. The Skin Integument: Variation Relative to Sex, Age, Race, and Body Region
5. Seasonal Variations and Environmental Influences on the Skin
6. Non-Invasive Methods and Assessment of Skin Diseases
7. Standards for Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
8. Statistical Analysis of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value of a Diagnostic Test
9. Sample Size Calculation
10. Implementation of a Quality Management System in a Contract Laboratory Working with Non-Invasive Methods
11. Ethical Considerations

Section II: Technique, Application, and Validation

Skin Surface, Epidermal Structure, and Function Clinical Photography, Surface Imaging Techniques, and Computerized Image Analysis

12. General Aspects in Medical/Clinical Photography
13. Use of Compact Digital Camera for Snap Photography
14. Computerized Image Analysis of Clinical Photos
15. Magnifying Lens - Non-Invasive Oil Immersion Examination of the Skin
16. Dermatoscopy
17. Fiber-Optic Microscopy System for Skin Surface Imaging
18. Automated Assessment of Pigment Distribution and Color Areas for Melanoma Diagnosis

Skin Surface Contour and Roughness Assessment

19. Skin Replication for Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy
20. Skin Surface Replica Image Analysis of Furrows and Wrinkles
21. Stylus Method for Skin Surface Contour Measurement
22. Laser Profilometry
23. Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Skin Surface: Micro- and Macrorelief
24. The Morphological Tree of the Cutaneous Network of Lines
25. Comparison of Methodologies for Evaluation of Skin Surface Contour and Wrinkles: Advantages and Limitations

Skin Surface Friction

26. Tribological Studies on Skin: Measurement of the Coefficient of Friction
27. Skin Friction Evaluation by Unidirectional Stress Using a Friction Tester
28. Haptic Finger

Epidermis Structure

29. Cyanoacrylate Biopsy for Cytologic Evaluation of the Epidermis
30. High-Resolution Sonography of the Epidermis In Vivo
31. Optical Coherence Tomography in Dermatology
32. In Vivo Reflectance Mode Confocal Microscopy in Clinical and Surgical Dermatology
33. In Vivo Reflectance Mode Confocal Laser Microscopy of Melanocytic Skin Lesions
34. In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of the Skin Surface Using Fluorescent Markers
35. In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Application in Product Research and Development
36. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Examination of the Epidermis In Vivo
37. Spectrophotometric Intracutaneous Imaging (SIAscopy): Method and Clinical Applications

Epidermis Hydration

38. Epidermal Hydration: Measurement of High-Frequency Electrical Conductance
39. Measurement of Epidermal Capacitance
40. Bioimpedance as a Non-Invasive Method for Measuring Changes in Skin
41. Comparison of Commercial Electrical Measurement Instruments for Assessing the Hydration State of the Stratum Corneum

Desquamation

42. Methods to Determine Desquamation Rate, C. Edwards
44. Application of Adhesive Techniques to Harvest Stratum Corneum Material Dry Skin and Scaling Evaluated by D-Squames and Image Analysis

Barrier Functions and Gradients

45. Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss by Semiopen Systems
46. Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss by Closed-Chamber Systems
47. Measurement of Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension
48. Measurement of Transcutaneous PCO 2
49. Skin Surface pH: Mechanism, Measurement, Importance
50. The pH Gradient in the Epidermis Evaluated by Serial Tape Stripping
51. Techniques for Visualization of Ionic Gradation in Human Epidermis
52. Skin Chamber Techniques
53. Microdialysis Methodology for Sampling in the Skin

Skin Surface Microflora

54. Sampling the Bacteria of the Skin
55. Mapping the Fungi of the Skin

Dermis Structure and Function: Dermis Structure

56. High-Frequency Ultrasound Examination of Skin: Introduction and Guide
57. Ultrasound B-Mode Imaging and In Vivo Structure Analysis
58. Ultrasound Assessment of Dermal Water and Edema In Vivo
59. Ultrasound Assessment of Skin Aging
60. Ultrasound Imaging of Subcutaneous Tissue and Adjacent Structures
61. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Skin
62. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Examination of Skin Disorders
63. Raman Spectroscopy of Skin

Dermis Structure and Function: Mechanical Properties

64. Identification of Langer's Lines
65. Suction Chamber Method for Measuring Skin Mechanical Properties: The Dermaflex®
66. Suction Chamber Method for Measurement of Skin Mechanics: The Cutometer®
67. Suction Chamber Method for Measurement of Skin Mechanics: The New Digital Version of the Cutometer®
68. Suction Chamber Method for Measurement of Skin Mechanics
69. Twistometry Measurement of Skin Elasticity
70. Levarometry
71. Indentometry
72. The Gas-Bearing Electrodynamo Meter
73. Ballistometry

The Cutaneous Vasculature: Skin Colour and Blood Vessels

74. Colorimetry
75. Quasi-L*a*b* Color Measurement from Digital Images
76. Practical Color Calibration for Dermatoscopic Images
77. Measurement of Erythema and Melanin Indices
78. Dynamic Capillaroscopy
79. Capillaroscopy and Videocapillaroscopy Assessment of Skin Microcirculation: Dermatological and Cosmetic Approaches

The Cutaneous Vasculature: Blood Flow, Vasomotion and Vascular Functions

80. Laser Doppler Measurement of Skin Blood Flux: Variation and Validation
81. Examination of Periodic Fluctuations in Cutaneous Blood Flow
82. Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Principles of Technology and Clinical Applications
83. Laser Doppler Imaging of Skin
84. The Heat Wash-In and Heat Wash-Out Technique for Quantitative, Non-Invasive Measurement of Cutaneous Blood Flow Rate
85. The ¹³³Xenon Wash-Out Technique for Quantitative Measurement of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Blood Flow Rates
86. Evaluation of Lymph Flow

The Cutaneous Vasculature: Temperature and Thermoregulation

87. Faculty of Applied Design and Engineering
88. Thermal Imaging of Skin Temperature

Neural Supply

89. Assessment of Cutaneous Pain

Sweat Gland Distribution and Function

90. Classical Techniques for the Localization of Sweat Glands
91. Micro-Sensor Mapping of Sudoral Activity and Skin Surface Hydration
92. Methods for the Collection of Eccrine Sweat
93. Methods for the Collection of Apocrine Sweat

Sebaceous Glands and Sebum Excretion

94. The Follicular Biopsy
95. Measurement of Excreted Sebum Using Sebum-Absorbent Film and an Optical Reader: The TapeAnalyzer
96. Quantification of Sebum Output Using Sebum-Absorbent Tapes (Sebutapes®)
97. Optical Measurement of Sebum Excretion Using Opalescent Film Imprint: The Sebumeter®
98. Gravimetric Technique for Measuring Sebum Excretion Rate (SER)
99. Fluorescence Photography of Sebaceous Follicles
100. Methods for Assessment of Follicular Transport in Ex Vivo and In Vivo

Hair, Physical Properties, and Growth Rate

101. Measurement of Hair Growth
102. Microscopy of the Hair: The T 875
103. Photographic and Computerized Techniques for Quantification of Hair Growth
104. Measurement of the Mechanical Strength of Hair
105. Evaluating the Strength of Human Hair

Nail Structure and Growth

106. Methods for Nail Assessment
107. Measurement of Longitudinal Nail Growth
108. Measurement of Nail Thickness
109. Image Analysis of the Nail Surface

Section III: Clinical Experimentation, Evaluation, and Quantification

110. General Guidelines for Assessment of Skin Diseases
111. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Testing: ESCD Application and Reading Standards
112. Instrumental and Computer-Based Methods for Measurement of Surface Area Afflicted with Disease
113. Instrumental Evaluation of Wheal-and-Flare Reactions
114. Instrumental Evaluation of Occluded Patch Test Reactions
115. Light Sources, Sunlight, and Radiation Dosimetry
116. Phototesting: Phototoxicity and Photoallergy

Index

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