In Vivo Glucose Sensing is a key reference for scientists and engineers working on the development of glucose sensing technologies for the management of diabetes and other medical conditions.
It discusses the analytical chemistry behind the strategies currently used for measuring glucose in vivo.
In Vivo Glucose Sensing also focuses on analyzing samples in the real world and discusses the biological complexities that make glucose sensing difficult.
Covering current implantable devices, next-generation implantable sensing methods, and non-invasive methods for measuring glucose, In Vivo Glucose Sensing concludes with an overview of possible applications other than diabetes.
Contents
1. Introduction to the Glucose Sensing Problem
- A Short History of Diabetes and Glucose Measurement
- Sensor Design
- Data Acquisition and Processing
- Glucose Kinetics
- Evaluation of Sensor Performance (in vitro)
- Evaluation of Sensor Performance (in vivo)
- Biocompatibility
- Future Directions
2. The Macrophage in Wound Healing Surrounding Implanted Devices
- The implant site as a wound site
- Monocyte and macrophage activation and inflammatory response in local tissue sites
- Role of the macrophage in normal wound healing
- The Foreign Body Reaction
- In vivo techniques to interrogate critical components of the FBR
3. Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers to Biosensing
- The Early Foreign Body Reaction (minutes to days)
- Subacute and Chronic Effects (days to months)
- Surface Microgeometry
- Surface Chemistry
- Device Motion
- Methods to Reduce the Foreign Body Reaction
4. A Window to Observe the Foreign Body Reaction to Glucose Sensors
- Introduction and Background
- Salient Features of the Foreign Body Reaction to an Implanted Sensor
- Previous Studies of the Foreign Body Reaction to an Implanted Sensor and the Necessity to Evaluate Active Sensors in Situ
- Tissue and Microvascular Differences Between Normoglycemic and Diabetic Individuals that may be Relevant to Sensor Response and The Need for a Dynamic Imaging Model
- Single Sensors versus Sensor Arrays and the Impetus for the Tissue Window Chamber - Biosensor System
- Use of Oxygen Sensors as a Surrogate Glucose Sensor For in vivo Testing and Important Issues Related to in vitro Sensor Calibration
- General Design and Fabrication of the Planar Sensor Array
- Chamber Variants and Simultaneous Recording of Sensor Function and Imaging
- Sensor Biomaterials and membrane Testing
- Normal and Diabetic Animal Models Compatible with the Window Chamber - Biosensor System
- Limitations of the Window Chamber - Biosensor System
- Some Notes on the Imaging of the Window Chamber - Biosensor Model
5. Commercially Available Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems
- History of CGM
- Performance requirement of CGM
- How to make a measurement
- Commercially available CGM devices
- Clinical performance of commercially available CGM products
- Future of CGM
6. Membrane-Based Separations Applied to In Vivo Glucose Sensing—Microdialysis and Ultrafiltration Sampling
- Membrane Separations for in vivo Analyte Collection
- Ultrafiltration
- Microdialysis Sampling
- Measurement of Glucose from Membrane Devices
- Alternative Uses of Microdialysis Sampling
- Implications of Flux Differences between Microdialysis Sampling vs. Glucose Sensors
- Microdialysis for Control of Blood Glucose and/or Diabetes in Humans
7. Transdermal Microfluidic Continuous Monitoring Systems
- Reverse Iontophoresis Based Systems
- Ultrasound Based Systems
- Ablation Based Systems
- Microneedle Based Systems
- Other Methods of Accessing Interstitial Fluid
8. Redundant Arrays and Next Generation Sensors
- Introduction and Need for Redundancy
- Sensor Redundancy
- Next Generation Electrochemical Sensors
9. Nitric-oxide Releasing Subcutaneous Glucose Sensors
- Nitric Oxide Release
- Sensor Design and Evaluation
- In vivo Testing of NO-Releasing Glucose Biosensors
- Future Directions 357
10. Fluorescence-Based Glucose Sensors
- Overview of Fluorescence-Based Glucose Assays
- Transduction Methods & Materials
- Packaging for In Vivo Use
- Ongoing Commercialization Activities
11. The Use of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Optical Glucose Detection
- Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
- Effect of Biofouling - Sensor Architecture Matters
- SWNT Sensor Development
12. Introduction to Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing
- Clinical Applications and Significance of Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring
- Approaches and Methods
- Multivariate Calibration Methods
- Noninvasive Optical Techniques for Glucose Sensing
- Criteria for Successful Noninvasive Glucose Measurements
13. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing
- Introduction to Near Infrared Spectroscopy
- Concept of Noninvasive Spectroscopic Measurements
- Analytical Measurements in Biological Mixtures
- Measurement Selectivity
- Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Living Skin
- Noninvasive Glucose Measurements
14. Non-invasive Glucose Sensing with Raman Spectroscopy
- Introduction to Raman spectroscopy
- Biological considerations for Raman spectroscopy
- Quantitative Considerations for Raman Spectroscopy
- Instrumentation
- Data Pre-Processing
- In vitro studies
- In vivo studies
- Toward prospective application
15. Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Glucose Sensing
- Background
- Experimental Procedures
- Results
Index
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