Modern Phytomedicine is a timely and original handbook paving the way to success in plant-based drug development, systematically addressing the issues facing a pharmaceutical scientist who wants to turn a plant compound into a safe and effective drug.

Plant pharmacologists from around the world demonstrate the potentials and pitfalls involved, with many of the studies and experiments reported here published for the first time. The result is a valuable source of information unavailable elsewhere.

Contents

Bioactive Phytocompounds: New Approaches in the Phytosciences

• Development of Fast Reliable Methods of Extraction and High-Throughoutput Screening (HTS) of Crude Plant Extracts: New Challenges
• Antimicrobial Bioactive Phytocompounds from Extraction to Identification: Process Standardization
• Problems Associated with the Efficacy, Stability and Quality Control of Herbal Drugs Preparations
• Novel Bioactive Phytocompounds Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria/Fungi: The Management of Infectious and Chronic Diseases
• Mode of Action of Bioactive Phytocompounds and their Interactions with Macromolecules and Toxicity
• Bioactive Phytocompounds and Future Perspectives

Quality Control, Screening, Toxicity, and Regulation of Herbal Drugs

• Preparation of Herbal Drugs
• Quality Control of Herbal Drugs
• Herbal Supplements
• Adulteration of Herbal Drugs
• Contamination of Herbal Drugs and Herb–Drug Interactions
• Toxicity of Herbal Drugs
• Screening of Herbal Drugs
• Labeling of Herbal Products
• Policies and Regulations
• Trends and Developments

Herbal Medicines: Prospects and Constraints

• Prospects for Herbal Medicine
• Constraints in Herbal Medicine
• Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Herbal Medicine
• Improving the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicine

Bioactive Phytocompounds and Products Traditionally Used in Japan

• Garlic
• Mushroom
• Sweetcorn
• Oil and Flavor of Tree Hiba (Japanese Cypress) (Hinokitiol)

Plant Extracts Used to Manage Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections in Southern Africa

• Biodiversity in Southern Africa
• Use of Plants in Southern African Traditional Medicine
• The Need for Anti-Infective Agents
• Selection of Plant Species to Investigate
• Collecting, Drying, and Storage of Plant Material
• Extraction of Plant Material
• Evaluating Quantitative Antimicrobial Activity
• Evaluating Qualitative Biological Activity
• Expression of Results
• Antibacterial Activity
• Results on Antibacterial Activity Obtained with Members of the Combretaceae
• Antifungal Activity
• Antiparasitic Activity
• Other Anti-Infective Research in South Africa
• Cytotoxicity
• Ethnoveterinary Research
• Determining the in vivo Efficacy of Extracts and Isolated Compounds

Biological and Toxicological Properties of Moroccan Plant Extracts: Advances in Research

• Ethnobotanic and Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Moroccan Plants
• Toxicological Assays

Anti-MRSA and Anti-VRE Activities of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides Isolated from Tropical Plants

• Phytoalexins and Phytoncides
• Antibiotics
• Bacteria and Broth
• Isolation of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides
• Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
• Synergism of Antibacterial Compounds with Commercially Available Antibiotics
• Antibacterial Activities
• Synergism Between the Test Compounds and Commercial Antibiotics Against VRE, MRSA, VSE, and MSSA

Methods for Testing the Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts

• Antibacterial Assays
• Antifungal Assays
• In vivo Assessment of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
• Methods for Assessing Antiviral Activity
• Screening of Plant Extracts for Antiparasitic Activity

Targeted Screening of Bioactive Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds Against Problematic Groups of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

• Approaches to Targeted Screening Against MDR Bacteria
• Other Potential Approaches
• Conclusions and Future Directions

Activity of Plant Extracts and Plant-Derived Compounds against Drug-Resistant Microorganisms

• Plant Materials with General Antimicrobial Activity Including some Drug-Resistant Strains
• Plant Materials with Specific Antimicrobial Activity Against Drug-Resistant Strains
• Plant Materials that Restore the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents and/or Inhibit Drug Resistance Mechanisms

An Alternative Holistic Medicinal Approach to the Total Management of Hepatic Disorders: A Novel Polyherbal Formulation

• Conventional Medicines for Liver Disorders
• Herbal Medicines – Potential Therapeutic Agents with Minimal Side-Effects
• Contributions of Elementology to Potential Treatments for Hepatic Disorders
• Other Alternatives in Liver Therapy

Traditional Plants and Herbal Remedies Used in the Treatment of Diarrheal Disease: Mode of Action, Quality, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations

• Methods Used in the Evaluation of Bioactivity of Medicinal Plants
• Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea that Display Antimicrobial Activity
• Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea that Display Antidiarrheal Activity
• Phytochemical Analysis, Identification of Active Plant Components, and Mechanism of Action of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea
• Quality, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations

Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of Medicinal Plants

• Plants as Protective Agents Against DNA Damage
• Antimutagenic Properties of Edible and Medicinal Plants
• Mutagenicity of Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds
• “Janus Carcinogens and Mutagens”
• Chemical Nature of Phytoantimutagenic Compounds
• Assays for Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity
• Paradigms in Antimutagenicity Research

Potential of Plant-Derived Products in the Treatment of Mycobacterial Infections

• Current Therapy of Tuberculosis and Leprosy
• Need for Newer Antimycobacterial Drugs
• Plant Extracts
• Well-Characterized Plant-Derived Compounds

Ethnomedicinal Antivirals: Scope and Opportunity

• Antiviral Ethnomedicines Against Common Virus Families
• Major Groups of Antivirals from Plants
• Mixtures and Other Compounds
• Experimental Approaches

Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytocompounds

• Effect of Specific Medicinal Herbs on Immune System and Immune Cells
• General Properties of Echinacea Species
• Effects of Echinacea Species on the Immune System and Various Immune Cells
• Asteraceae
• Lithospermum erythrorhizon
• Guarana
• Side and Adverse Effects of Some Phytocompounds

Use of a Liposomal Delivery System for Herbal-Based Therapeutics (with a Focus on Clove Oil)

• Rationale for Using Liposomized Formulation of Clove Oil
• Experiments Conducted to Develop Liposomal Clove Oil Formulation

Index

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