The Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment
by Patrick K. Jjemba
Pharma-Ecology products encompass a diverse range of drugs used to treat various illnesses, and personal care products include everyday items such as soaps, fragrances, cleaning agents, disinfectants, and similar products.
Pharma-Ecology bridges the knowledge and language gap and critically examines the issue of PPCP micropollutants and how to best minimize their impact on the environment.
Contents
1. Usage of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products for Different Therapeutic End Points in Relation to Environment
- Personal Care Products
- Pharmaceutical Compounds
2. Detection and Occurrence of PPCPs in the Environment
- Detection of PPCPs in the Environment
- Occurrence of PPCPs in Various Environments
- Excretion as a Driver of Pharmaceutical Occurrence in the Environment
3. Ecopharmacokinetics and Ecopharmacodynamics
- Overview of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- Degradation of PPCPs in the Environment
- Role of Physicochemical Factors in the Fate of PPCPs in the Environment
4. Ecotoxicity of PPCPs
- Conventional Assessment of the Risk
- Ecological Impact of PPCPs on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes
- Effects of PPCPs on Invertebrates
- Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Aquatic Organisms
- Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Terrestrial Wildlife
- Livestock and Human Health
- Ecotoxicity of PPCPs on Vegetation
- General Considerations in Long-Term PPCP Toxicity
5. Technologies for Removing PPCPs
- Conventional Treatment Systems
- Advanced Treatment Processes
6. Future Needs
- Improving Assessment of the Risks from PPCPs in the Environment
- Effect of Mixtures
- Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low PPCP Doses
- Formulation and Regimen Design Affecting PPCP Bioavailability, Excretion, and Sorption
- Use of Quantitative Structural Activity Relationships in Ecotoxicology
- Use of Genomics in Bioassay Studies
- Social Responsibility, Legislation, and Policy
- Need to Revisit the Drug Approval and Advertising Process
- Use of Prescription Records for Mapping PPCPs
Index
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