Surfactant Science and Technology provides a solid introduction to the study and use of surfactants.

Features:

• Discusses the molecular nature of the interactions of surface active materials
• Demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic and its potential applications

Contents

An Overview of Surfactant Science and Technology

• A Brief History of Surfactant Science and Technology
• The Economic Importance of Surfactants
• Some Traditional and Non-Traditional Applications of Surfactants
• Detergents and Cleaners
• Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
• Textiles and fibers
• Leather and furs
• Paints, Lacquers and Other Coating Products
• Paper and Cellulose Products
• Mining and Ore Flotation
• Metal Processing Industries
• Plant Protection and Pest Control
• Foods and Food Packaging
• The Chemical Industry
• Oilfields Chemicals and Petroleum Production
• Plastics and Composite Materials
• Pharmaceuticals
• Medicine and Biochemical Research
• Other "Hi-Tech" Areas
• Surfactant Consumption
• The Economic and Technological Future
• Surfactants In the Environment
• Petrochemical vs. "Renewable" Oleochemical-based Surfactants
• A Surfactant Glossary

The Organic Chemistry of Surfactants

• Basic Surfactant Building Blocks
• Basic Surfactant Classifications
• Making A Choice
• The Generic Anatomy of Surfactants
• The Many Faces of Dodecane
• Surfactant Solubilizing Groups
• Common Surfactant Hydrophobic Groups
• The Natural Fatty Acids
• Saturated Hydrocarbons or Paraffins
• Olefins
• Alkyl benzenes
• Alcohols
• Alkyl phenols
• Polyoxypropylenes
• Fluorocarbons
• Silicone Surfactants
• Miscellaneous Biological Structures
• The Systematic Classification of Surfactants
• Anionic Surfactants
• Sulfate Esters
• Fatty Alcohol Sulfates
• Sulfated Fatty Acid Condensation Products
• Sulfated Ethers
• Sulfated Fats and Oils
• Sulfonic Acid Salts
• Aliphatic Sulfonates
• Alkylaryl Sulfonates
• a-Sulfocarboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
• Miscellaneous Sulfo-Ester and Amide Surfactants
• Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Sulfonates
• Lignin sulfonates
• Carboxylate Soaps and Detergents
• Phosphoric Acid Esters and Related Surfactants
• Cationic Surfactants
• Nonionic Surfactants
• Polyoxyethylene-Based Surfactants
• Derivatives of Polyglycerols and Other Polyols
• Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants
• Miscellaneous Nonionic Surfactants
• Amphoteric Surfactants
• Imidazoline Derivatives
• Surface Active Betaines and Sulfobetaines
• Phosphatides and Related Amphoteric Surfactants
• Problems

Fluid Surfaces and Interfaces

• Molecules At Interfaces
• Interfaces and Adsorption Phenomena
• A Thermodynamic Picture of Adsorption
• Surface and Interfacial Tensions
• The Effect of Surface Curvature
• The Surface Tension of Solutions
• Surfactants and the Reduction of Surface Tension
• Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Surfactant Structure
• Problems

Surfactants in Solution: Monolayers and Micelles

• Surfactant Solubility
• The Phase Spectrum of Surfactants In Solution
• The History and Development of Micellar Theory
• Manifestations of Micelle Formations
• Thermodynamics of Dilute Surfactant Solutions
• Classical Theories of Micelle Formation
• Free Energy of Micellization
• Molecular Geometry and the Formation of Association Colloids
• Experimental Observations of Micellar Systems
• Micellar Aggregation Numbers
• The Critical Micelle Concentration
• The Hydrophobic Group
• The Hydrophilic Group
• Counter-ion Effects on Micellization
• The Effects of Additives On the Micellization Process
• Electrolyte Effects on Micelle Formation
• The Effect of pH
• The Effects of Added Organic Materials
• The Effect of Temperature On Micellization
• Micelle Formation In Mixed Surfactant Systems
• Micelle Formation In Nonaqueous Media
• Aggregation in Polar Organic Solvents
• Micelles in Nonpolar Solvents
• Problems

Higher Level Surfactant Aggregate Structures: Liquid Crystals, Continuous Bi-phases, and Microemulsions

• The Importance of Surfactant Phase Information.
• Amphiphilic Fluids.
• Liquid Crystalline, Bicontinuous, and Microemulsion Structures.
• "Classical" Liquid Crystals.
• Liquid Crystalline Phases in Simple Binary Systems.
• Temperature and Additive Effects on Phase Behavior.
• Some Current Theoretical Analyses of Novel Mesophases.
• Vesicles and Bilayer Membranes.
• Vesicles.
• Polymerized Vesicles.
• Biological Membranes.
• Some Biological Implications of Mesophases.
• Membrane Surfactants and Lipids.
• Microemulsions.
• Surfactants, Co-surfactants, and Microemulsion Formation.
• Ionic Surfactant Systems.
• Nonionic Surfactant Systems.
• Applications.
• Problems

Solubilization and Micellar and Phase Transfer Catalysis

• Solubilization In Surfactants Micelles
• The "Geography" of Solubilization in Micelles
• Surfactant Structure and the Solubilization Process
• Solubilization and the Nature of the Additive
• The Effect of Temperature on Solubilization Phenomena
• The Effects of Non-electrolyte Solutes
• The Effects of Added Electrolyte
• Miscellaneous Factors Affecting Solubilization
• Micellar Catalysis
• Micellar Catalysis in Aqueous Solution
• Micellar Catalysis in Nonaqueous Solvents
• Phase Transfer Catalysi
• Cross-phase Reactions
• Some Examples of PTC Applications
• Alkylnitrile Synthesis
• Dihalocyclopropanes
• Some Notes on the Use of PTC
• Some Requirements for a Successful PTC Reaction
• Problems

Polymeric Surfactants and Surfactant-Polymer Interactions

• Polymeric Surfactants and Amphiphiles
• Some Basic Chemistry of Polymeric Surfactant Synthesis
• The Modification of Natural Cellulosics, Gums, and Proteins
• Synthetic Polymeric Surfactants
• Polymeric Surfactants at Interfaces: Structure & Methodology
• The Interactions of "Normal" Surfactants with Polymers
• Surfactant-Polymer Complex Formation
• Nonionic Polymers
• Ionic Polymers and Proteins
• Polymers, Surfactants, and Solubilization
• Surfactant-Polymer Interactions in Emulsion Polymerization
• Problems

Foams and Liquid Aerosols

• The Physical Basis for Foam Formation
• The Role of Surfactant in Foams
• Foam Formation and Surfactant Structure
• Amphiphilic Mesophases and Foam Stability
• The Effects of Additives on Surfactant Foaming Properties
• Foam Inhibition
• Chemical Structures of Antifoaming Agents
• A Summary of the Foaming and Antifoaming Activity of Additives
• The Spreading Coefficient
• Liquid Aerosols
• The Formation of Liquid Aerosols
• Spraying and Related Mechanisms of Mist and Fog Formation
• Nozzle Atomization
• Rotary Atomization
• Aerosol Formation by Condensation
• Colloidal Properties of Aerosols
• The Dynamics of Aerosol Movement
• Colloidal Interactions in Aerosols
• Problems

Emulsions

• The Liquid/Liquid Interface
• General Considerations of Emulsion Stability
• The Lifetimes of Typical Emulsions
• Theories of Emulsion Stability
• Emulsion Type and the Nature of the Surfactant
• Surface Activity and Emulsion Stability
• Mixed Surfactant Systems and Interfacial Complexes
• Amphiphile Mesophases and Emulsion Stability
• Surfactant Structure and Emulsion Stability
• The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB)
• Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT)
• Application of HLB and PIT in Emulsion Formulation
• The Effects of Additives on the "Effective" HLB of Surfactants
• Multiple Emulsions
• Nomenclature for Multiple Emulsions
• Preparation and Stability of Multiple Emulsions
• Pathways for Primary Emulsion Breakdown
• The Surfactants and Phase Components
• Problems

Solid Surfaces and Dispersions

• The Nature of Solid Surfaces
• Liquid versus Solid Surfaces
• Adsorption At the Solid/Liquid Interface
• Adsorption Isotherms
• Mechanisms of Surfactant Adsorption
• Dispersion Forces
• Polarization and Dipolar Interactions
• Electrostatic Interactions
• The Electrical Double Layer
• The Mechanics of Surfactant Adsorption
• Adsorption and the Nature of the Adsorbent Surface
• Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces
• Polar, Uncharged Surfaces
• Surfaces Having Discrete Electrical Charges
• Surfactant Structure and Adsorption from Solution
• Surfaces Possessing Strong Charge Sites
• Adsorption by Uncharged, Polar Surfaces
• Surfactants at Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Surfaces
• Surfactant Adsorption and the Character of Solid Surfaces
• Wetting and Related Phenomena
• Surfactant Manipulation of the Wetting Process
• Some Practical Examples of Wetting Control By Surfactants
• Detergency and Soil Removal
• The Cleaning Process
• Soil Types
• Solid Soil Removal
• Liquid Soil Removal
• Soil Re-deposition
• Correlations of Surfactant Structure and Detergency
• Nonaqueous Cleaning Solutions
• Enhanced Oil Recovery
• Suspensions and Dispersions
• Problems

Index

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