Turbine Steam Path
Volume 3b
Mechanical Design and Manufacture
by William P. Sanders

Turbine Steam Path Vol. 3b focuses on the details of design consideration for steam turbines.

Features & Benefits:

• Covers key elements involved in the installation of new generation capacity
• Gives information on whether to consider combined-cycle as an option to the steam turbine
• Includes a discussion on renewable power sources

Turbine Steam Path Vol. 3b relays all the information on mechanical design and function needed in evaluating turbine maufacture, maintance, and operation.

Contents

5. Mechanical Design Considerations for High- and Low-Pressure Casings

• Components Comprising the Turbine Casing
• Functions of the Shells or Casings
• High-Pressure/High-Temperature Casings
• Pressure Staging and Multiple Shells
• The Low-Pressure Casings
• Low-Pressure Casing Arrangements
• Low-Pressure Casing Structures
• Cast Low-Pressure Sections
• Thermal Gradient and High-Pressure Shell Design
• Estimating Low-Cycle Fatigue Life
• Thermal Gradient in the Low-Pressure Inner Casing
• High-Pressure Turbine Shell Materials
• Steel Plate for Low-Pressure Casings
• Casing Weldment Considerations
• Casing Weldment Details
• Welding Consumables
• High-Pressure Shell Manufacture
• Shell Casting Faults
• The Upgrading of Castings
• Shell Manufacturing Tolerances
• The Joining of Casings Parts
• Threaded Components
• Pipe Connection Points on the Castings
• Steam Inlet and Nozzle Box Systems
• Explosion or Relief Diaphragms
• High-Pressure Packing Heads
• Casing Exhaust Geometries

6. Mechanical Design Considerations of the Stationary Blade Rows

• Function of the Stationary Blades and Diaphragms
• Diaphragm Construction and Manufactured Types
• Form of the Diaphragms
• Steam Inlet Nozzle Boxes and Plates
• Built-Up Stationary Blade Rows
• The Stationary Blade Vane
• The Stationary Blade Row Vane Form
• Stationary Blade Row Dimensional Requirements
• Stationary Blade Annulus Finishing and Tolerances
• The Diaphragm Horizonatal Joint
• Vane Cross-Section Irregularities
• Form of the Diaphragm Rings or Webs—The Secondary Functions
• Diaphragm Sidewalls
• Diaphragm Location Within the Casing
• Diaphragm Stresses and Material Considerations

7. Mechanical Design Considerations of the Turbine Rotors

• The Rotor
• Rotor Form
• Rotor Construction and Manufacturing Options
• Heat Indication Tests
• Operating Instability Due to Rubs
• Rotor Temperature Control
• The Critical Speed of Rotors
• Vibration of Turbine Generator Rotors
• Rotor Overspeed Testing

8. The Rotating Blade Rows Mechanical Design Considerations

• The Blade Vanes
• Blade Vane Requirements and Design
• The Requirements of the Blade Vane
• Profile and Cascade Quality Requirements
• Blade Profile Types
• Two-Dimensional Vane Profile Design
• Profile Variation With Vane Height
• Predicted Expansion Passage Flow Patterns
• Operating Stresses in the Blade Vane
• Methods of Stress Determination
• Modifications to the Simple Stress Diagram

9. The Rotating Blade Row Root Attachments

• Forms of the Root
• Blade Vane Placement On the Root Platform
• Tangential Entry Blade Root Access Window
• Root Load Transfer Surfaces
• Root Side Grips
• Blade Root Stresses
• Consideations of Load-Bearing Surface Pressure
• Unequal Load Sharing Within Blade Roots

10. Mechanical Design Considerations of Stage Hardware, Coverbands and Tie Wires

• Functions of the Stage Hardware
• Batching of Blade Ties
• Forms of the Tie Wire
• Weld Grouping of Blades
• Forms of the Coverband
• Forms of the Integral Coverband
• Shaping of the Coverband Ends
• Tie Wire Manufacture and Assembly
• Braze Attachment of Tie Wires
• Tenons and Coverband Attachment by Riveting
• Coverband Removal and Reassembly
• Coverband Manufacture
• Tie Wire Stresses
• Coverband Stresses

11. Rotating Blade Manufacturing Methods, Materials, and Spatial and Quality Program Requirements

• Blade Manufacturing Cost Considerations
• The Blade Manufacturing Process
• Profile and Cascade Tolerances
• Profile and Cascade Errors
• Passage Swallowing Capacity
• Blade Vane to Root Alignment
• Special Processes Applied to the Vane
• Blade Attachment System Manufacture
• Surface Finish Requirements
• Requirements to Accommodate Stage Hardware
• Blade Materials
• The Manufacture and Form of Blade Steel
• The Alloying Elements in Blade Steel
• The Mechanical Properties of Turbine Blade Materials
• The Heat Treatment of Alloy Steel
• Typical Specifications for Blading Steel
• Titanium Alloys for Blades
• Quality Program Requirements and Surveillance

Appendix

Index

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