by Steven R. Hanna
Wind Flow and Vapor Cloud Dispersion at Industrial and Urban Sites advances the science of vapor cloud dispersion by:
- Describing how structures at an urban or industrial site affect dispersion, and how these effects should be treated in consequence models
- Explaining surface roughness length (z0) and displacement length (d) so that they are clarified for readers with minimal meteorological background
- Presenting criteria for when the structures should be considered broadly as roughness elements, or when they should be considered from the viewpoint of their wake effects
- Defining conditions for which different models apply and providing continuous solutions for transitions between flow regimes.
- Providing the appropriate roughness inputs to transport and dispersion models depending on conditions.
- Demonstrating the application of these techniques through worked examples.
Contents
- Background
- Objectives of This Book
- Overview
- Definition of Scenarios and Modeling Scales
1. Overview of Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion
- Definitions of Concepts and Terms
- Engineering Background
- Surveys of Currently Available Methods for Classifying Dispersion Coefficients for a Variety of Surface Types
- Survey of Experiments Showing Effects or Surface Roughness Obstacles on Dispersion
2. Methods for Characterizing the Effects of Surface Roughness Obstacles on Flow
- Required Flow Characteristics for Input to Transport and Dispersion Models
- Consideration of Flow Above and Below the Tops of the Obstacles
- Flow above the Surface Roughness Obstacles
- Flow Through an Obstacle Array
- Summary of Recommended Methods for Estimating zo, d, and Flow Characteristics Such as Wind Profiles, Friction Velocity (u*), and Turbulence Velocities in Urban and Industrial Areas
3. Integration of Roughness into Dispersion Models
- Objectives and Fundamental Physical Concepts
- Dispersion Models for Clouds Extending Above Hr
- Dispersion Models for Clouds below Hr
- Transition Methods for Clouds of Height Close to Hr within the Urban Roughness Sublayer
- Summary and Recommendations
4. Worked Examples of Calculations of Surface Roughness Length for Seven Industrial and Urban Scenarios
- Case I: Small (18 m by 24 m) Industrial Plant
- Case 2: A Group of Industrial Warehouses Covering a 250 m by 250 m Area
- Case 3: Medium-Sized (400 m by 400 m) Refinery
- Case 4: Typical Urban Area (Chicago)
- Case 5: Industrial Plant (Case 3) in Chicago Urban Area
- Case 6: Industrial Plant from Case 3 Located on a Peninsula
- Case 7: Large 4 km by 4 km Refinery in a Desert
- Summary of Seven Cases Used for Worked Examples
Index
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